Expensive Audio & Medical Quackery: Mark Levinson promoting Daniel Hertz "C Wave Technology". And the Maria amps. [Including company response.]

While perusing news updates the other day over Spring Break on my Google news feed, there was a suggestion to check out this YouTube video of an interview with Mark Levinson; apparently Levinson had something to say about "Let's Fix PCM Audio".

Clearly, this should be a fascinatingly insightful video, right? After all, we have one of the most well-known names in the high-end audio industry, and who doesn't want PCM "fixed" if indeed there is something to be done to improve the experience from decades worth of music!

Boy, was I disappointed by this "iconic" name in the audiophile world... Anyhow, grab a drink, have a seat. Let's talk about the many interconnections between technology, health, consumer psychology, and truth-in-advertising with this name and company.

First, for your viewing "pleasure", to start putting some thoughts in context, here is the video:

Let me be clear. As a consumer and hobbyist myself, I believe the rational high-fidelity audio pursuit is not a cult. Personalities and names do not mean anything more than potentially a person with knowledge and experience, with the ability to speak truth, honestly using his/her background. Sure, we might be interested if such a person releases or advocates for a product based on much respected previous work, but there is no reason to automatically assume the product is good. The name Bob Stuart has been floating among audiophile circles for decades and we know what he tried recently, likewise, less well-known names say silly things, and "golden-ear" reviewers have failed many times to express the truth about sonic fidelity.

So let's make sure to always put our thinking caps and magnifying glasses on and examine products through a more objective, sober lens. In science and technology, while we can certainly admire some amazing people who have enlightened our understanding of the universe, or designed/invented amazing products, there are no high priests, no prophets, no popes, no rabbis, no imams, no monks/nuns, and certainly no need for idols or icons that should be followed without question.

Let's talk about Mark Levinson (the man, not the brand name by Harman, ultimately owned by Samsung). I see that Levinson has a Wiki page but there's nothing there to suggest an electrical engineering degree or high-level electronics background through his career or even demonstrated in his own whitepaper. A previous Stereophile interview suggested that he hires others to design the electronics for him (people like John Curl back in the day). I see that Levinson wrote this with his ex-wife; not exactly "technical" in the audiophile sense... 😉

Clearly from what we see in this video promoting his recent company Daniel Hertz (Daniel is his father's first name and Hertz is his mom's maiden name), Mark Levinson comes across as a nice enough fellow but his statements are often empty, and at times worrisome.

Let's look at a few claims from that interview:

1. Supposedly "C Wave Technology" ("Continuous Wave") (1:50) is new, patented, and the concepts "out(side) of the box". And "we're the only company who can explain, measure, and fix digital audio problems and we have a patent and a solution". Really? The only company?

This announcement is supposedly "profound" and a "big story". But he goes nowhere with explaining what "C Wave" is as we later see.

2. "C Wave is an algorithm embedded in the software suite which is inside the chip" (7:25). Okay, sounds like it's a DSP algorithm of sorts, part of the device firmware maybe, and there are "2 boards" inside the amplifier incorporating C Wave; it's modular "like a Lego" based on "sophisticated architecture". Supposedly C Wave can even "fix" the sound of digitally mastered LP's as well.

Hmmm, how does that work with digitally-sourced LPs if we're connecting analogue playback from a turntable into the machine but this system supposedly "fixes" PCM? Since LP playback is clearly not PCM even if digitally mastered, this does not explain anything but adds confusion even before any further explanatory exposition. What's there to "fix"?

3. "We studied the effect of PCM audio on human physiology" (9:25). "It was astonishing". He then describes some test with "green rectangles, blue rectangles, and red rectangles". Supposedly representing individuals exposed to conditions of "no music", "PCM music", and "C Wave processed" and these subjects were tested for "central nervous function, kidney function, and liver function" (emphasis mine, 10:15).

Lo and behold, he then pulls out a laptop and shows some data on the screen to the interviewer with numbers in the "50's", "60's" - not bad for the no-music condition supposedly. Then for PCM audio, we get numbers in the "40's" and lower which are supposedly bad (12:50) - "they're terrible... what the hell happened here?" in a dramatic tone! And then of course "C Wave" fixes all of those bad results.

So, Mr. Levinson... Is this science? What is the procedure? What physiological tests are these that spits out such numbers? What units do those numbers even refer to? Why can't the viewer of this video have a peek at what's on the laptop screen? (We can, see below!)

Supposedly "this is what's called objective", proudly declared Mr. Levinson (14:05)! Well, I guess there are numbers on screen that supposedly represent some kind of continuous scale used to measure something among a few subjects. But without context, this is not an explanation of a scientific report! There's not even any hypothetical explanatory model here to link PCM music-listening to kidney and liver functioning; much less whatever neurophysiological/central nervous system horror story. Where's the logical mechanistic connection in any of this to even start exploring the validity of such claims? What is the hypothesis?

By the way, how do we even know the low numbers with PCM playback is a "bad" thing?! In medicine, lower numbers in some parameters for kidney function (like creatinine level) or reduced liver enzyme levels could represent improvement in organ health especially if you have an alcoholic audiophile among the test subjects. 🤫

[BTW, the last time I wrote about medical quackery intersecting with audio was back in 2022 in response to Stereophile's silliness.]

4. So how did they/he fix PCM? "That was done by creating a finely-tuned reverb algorithm" (14:45). And he uses the FUD-explanation of how PCM is "noncontinuous sampled waveform"; there are "spaces there". He then tries to explain some kind of presumably custom interpolation mechanism to smooth out those "spaces" which seems to be all his C Wave tech is. Is this "reverb" he's talking about just referencing the normal ringing we see in steep digital filter impulse responses? (Or maybe they did add subtle reverb, but that would be going beyond just filling out the "spaces"!)

After all these decades in audio, Mr. Levinson still does not know that proper digital playback is NOT discontinuous in nature? There are no spaces. There is no stair-step even. While each digital sample represents the amplitude level at a time point based on the sample rate, and the data can be quantized (eg. to 16-bit values), playback itself is continuous. While still continuous in nature, as far as I can tell, the only people who apparently want to hear stair-stepped, improperly interpolated PCM are audiophiles who spend extra money on NOS stuff like some R2R devices, brands like BorderPatrol, Audio Note and the like! Furthermore, over the decades, upsampling filters have been refined to be literally beyond excellent already (as discussed years ago).

Anyhow, supposedly creating this interpolation filter was "a real art to do" and "3 mastering engineers" helped him. Don't mastering engineers have better things to do with real music than go into the digital conversion nitty-gritty like tuning interpolation algorithms!? Levinson name-dropped: Ted Jensen, Tim Gennert, Burt van der Wolf. Apparently in describing van der Wolf, "24/192 to him is like MP3" (16:50).🤦 Supposedly Tim Gennert sent an MP3 in for C Wave processing and it sounded great. And Burt claimed "without C Wave it was like watching a good video picture of something, but with the C Wave it was like watching the real thing". Sure...

The Daniel Hertz company also has been selling the Master Class (€600, MacOS) music player software since 2014 which incorporates a version of C Wave. They call it "A+", and apparently this was all "patent pending" for most of the last decade until recently. Obviously the complexity of the algorithm is something that a decade-old Mac could already handle just fine, presumably associated with a bit of upsampling. If this was so groundbreaking, why has it not become a more recognized and prominent way of processing PCM in the last decade?

It's interesting to see in that Master Class link a reference to a "psychiatrist and therapist" friend who used LPs then CDs while doing therapy but I presume the CD sound wasn't adequately therapeutic. Hmmm, is this where he gets the ideas on brain/kidney/liver stress from!?

[Here's an interesting interview on Master Class from 2020. Levinson talks as if he "designed" his Class D chip amps, interpolation software, etc.? (2:15) And he claims he never liked listening to digital audio "ever" (6:10), yet in the Stereophile interview above, he was already excited about 24/96 so presumably he must have liked what he heard. And I think the digitally-recorded Live Recordings At Red Rose Vol. 1 SACD (2000, DR14) is still really good. According to this, the album was captured with a Sony DSD converter so it's digital even if not PCM.]

5. "The real problems of PCM have not been studied yet" (19:50). Supposedly "there is a connection between PCM digital audio and negativity" (presumably emotional negativity, or are we claiming potential brain/liver/kidney failure as well!?) that "the doctor discovered" (presumably his psychiatrist friend). Yet "there's no material to support anything I'm saying" - that's not helpful.

Hang on a sec... I thought Daniel Hertz already could "explain, measure, and fix digital audio problems" and Levinson even showed a laptop screen with those physiological problems quantified! Are we being gaslit?

So Levinson wants to "come up with an alternative universe in a sense" (21:15). Indeed! This is a new universe based so far on fantasy and hype as we can plainly see. He might have bankrolled the company but the way he talks is not that of a person who actually designs these modern high-tech products nor seems to understand the technologies. It's empty marketing speak.

6. Let's loop back then to near the start of the interview where he says: "Most audio is not very scientific and is very little art, it has become a world of how to make money from music lovers" (3:40). Wow! Considering the lack of science in this whole video and the kinds of prices being charged (the Maria 350 amp has been making rounds with some reviews including by dealers like this, priced at €12,000), isn't this statement more than a little hypocritical?!

"The first thing is honesty" (6:00), he says and then rambles on about how little he cares about profits (as opposed to the other guys in audio who presumably do) and he isn't about "schemes".

[I see that a few years ago he was also railing against the "mafia" in audio (8:30). At least he's correct at 14:50 when he said "What we think is real isn't always real"; I hope this also applies to himself.]

Who knows, maybe Daniel Hertz isn't about profits, but let us not forget that there was a time in history (see here and here) when the man Mark Levinson and his Red Rose Music brand did seem to squeeze out good profits from their China-made products:

Images from here and here.

The similarities in fact are not just skin-deep - the innards:

Images from here and here.

Even if there are significant upgrades to components, was the Red Rose amp worth more than 4x the price of the Dussun!? Red Rose Music I think closed around 2004-2005.

So, what do we know about C Wave and the Daniel Hertz amplifiers that incorporate this?

Let's now consider some facts and inferences we can make about C Wave and a product like the 2-channel Maria 350 amplifier (Maria is Levinson's mom's first name). Beyond the shiny knobs and plastic/acrylic/Perspex case, the amplification is based on a Class D system identified in the Daniel Hertz literature as the "Mighty Cat" DSP in collaboration with Renesas (ex-Intersil) hardware. As typical for Class D amps, there's a switched mode power supply inside. I see that the USB and coax S/PDIF digital inputs support up to 192kHz.

The plastic case, switching power supply, and Class D modules are why the box is reported to be surprisingly lightweight given the €12,000 price tag (CAD$17,750).

This amplifier incorporates DSP capabilities and can be programmed using an app in Windows 11 (as per promo material). I suspect when sold as a system, paired with speakers like the Daniel Hertz Eva (€7,000 alone), the amplifier DSP is likely programmed to boost the low frequencies hence the "matched" package to improve on certain short-comings of the small 2-way 1" silk tweeter and 6" rear-ported mid/woofer.

The "Mighty Cat" name is just referring to the audio DSP software module (ie. upsampler, EQ, crossover, etc.) running in the SoC incorporating a Renesas D2Audio 24-bit fixed-point DSP + PWM controller - a chip like the Renesas D2-74083.

In fact, we can see the Renesas "D2-74083" chip number on the Mighty Cat image from the Daniel Hertz company.

[Note: Internally, this chip processes the audio data from digital to PWM; there's no traditional DAC inside. However, analogue inputs will all be digitized by the ADC into PCM for 24-bit digital processing. Notice that even the most pure-analogue source such as full-analogue provenance LP playback will have to go through a 24-bit PCM intermediate inside the chip. Hardcore vinyl audiophiles take note!

Furthermore, that internal Renesas ADC is spec'ed at THD+N -81dB, dynamic range 94dB, operating at 48kHz; it's not hi-res. Depending on the power amplifier quality which this chip then feeds its PWM signal to, this may not be a limiting factor. The D2-74083 part has been discontinued since late 2023 but currently available Renesas D2-92643 SoCs are no better for ADC performance. Hopefully they spent a few more bucks to put in a better ADC.

This is important because in this video, the dealer claims he was comparing the Maria 350 amp's "DAC" (more appropriately, digital in) with other DACs probably with their analogue out plugged into the amplifier's input. He said that comparatively, the other DACs sounded bad - no surprise! I suspect he did not understand that those analogue inputs on the Maria were likely re-digitizing down to less-than-CD-quality resolution, thus any hi-res DAC plugged into it will sound compromised.]

We have seen dramatic demonstrations by Levinson of his DSP, with all kinds of obvious loudness and EQ changes since 2012 such as with little Logitech speakers. No surprise that DSP can improve the sound using EQ compensations for low-quality speakers:

Output power for the Maria 350 is reported as 350Wpc (8Ω) and 500Wpc (4Ω) but there are no specifications for frequency or distortion figures. Therefore, it's not unreasonable to think that this is likely at 10% distortion which is common with Class D makers when they want to push the headline watts to attract consumers. Renesas itself is not known to build high-fidelity Class D amps; their technology like HVPAK amps would not be impressive for hi-fi.

So if not from Renesas, the Class D power amp modules then need to come from other OEM sources. This is very likely the case because the older Daniel Hertz M9 integrated amp as reported here, announced around 2014 (sold from 2015-2016 according to HiFiEngine), had a similar power rating at 200W (8Ω) and 400W (4Ω), and used a similar but slightly slower Intersil D2-71083 chip (the name "Mighty-Cat" again used to refer to the DSP software). The power amplifier section in the M9 was from Hypex, likely the UcD400 based on the wattage numbers and age.

Daniel Hertz M9 - here's a manual, notice that the front Power Status LED on the right will turn red if signal clipping is detected. I'm told the Maria amp has the same red clipping indicator. Good feature.

Daniel Hertz Maria 350

Given the obvious similarities in design and features, the Maria 350 looks like a redesigned M9 in a black shiny acrylic case rather than brushed aluminum. The M9 is listed in the old review at MSRP of €5,950; much less expensive than the Maria 350 currently (€12,000) so it would be interesting to know what accounted for the price doubling in the last 10 years. Technology naturally deflates in price in the open market. I'm sure if the Maria incorporated some newer technologies like GaN Class D modules, Levinson would be all over that in the marketing!

I did a little further digging into the online material and see that Levinson has a solo promotional video here (and on YouTube), continuing to make claims on the "health" benefits as well as his "Avatar Test" results supposedly conducted "with $13,000 health diagnostics software". Here's what one of the results looked like from the video:

As you can see, this rectangle is red and numbers <50.
Must have been listening to bad PCM recording. 🤣 

As suspected, what they're measuring is based on an alternative view of human physiology; a pseudoscientific "energy medicine" perspective which includes acupuncture, Reiki, Qigong, etc. These kinds of practices have been embedded in our culture both in Western democracies and Far East so they're unlikely to ever disappear or be tightly regulated, just like the massive dietary supplements industry even though the benefits generally are tenuous at best when tested. 

[On a side note, even within the hospital system here, there was a movement to incorporate stuff like "therapeutic touch" by nurses back in the early 2000's, as well as Traditional Chinese Medicine, among other alternative therapies. I've noticed this dying down since the 2010's.]

What we see in the diagram are acupuncture points - Ki 3 for "kidney meridian", Lv 1 for "liver", and ND 1b I guess for "central nervous system" although I couldn't find any reference to the last one. They're basically looking at skin conductivity.

The Avatar Screening system.

The Avatar Health Test System website is rather sparse. Here's a little more information from "The Holistic Practice" website; none of the links at the bottom of that page worked. More information on "Electropuncture According to Voll" (Reinhold Voll 1909-1989, and book) which is the basis of this.

From a medical science perspective, I do not believe there is validity to speak of measurements at acupuncture meridians and then directly claiming that there's "physiological stress" on the liver, kidneys, or brain/nervous system. Not only is this bad medicine, but it has no purpose to serve in the development of engineered audio devices like amplifiers and DACs. Levinson claims his testing is "objective" and widely applicable to everyone - I think he needs to get accepted into and then start his medical school training first. 😐

Also in that video, he indeed confirmed that some of his thinking came from his psychiatrist friend who "used music in his therapy"; this is all coming together in a rather unsophisticated way, I'm afraid. Does his psychiatrist friend believe PCM music literally stresses the liver and kidneys, or was it just the mind, I wonder?

And with even more digging, here's the C Wave patent:

"SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR IMPROVING AND ADJUSTING PMC DIGITAL SIGNALS TO PROVIDE HEALTH BENEFITS TO LISTENERS"

Notice the "PMC" typo in the title. As you can see, it's describing a type of vague interpolation mechanism along with a weak EQ applied:

"A further feature of the present invention is also applying equalization settings, with Q setting at −0.26 or near it, a 40 Hz frequency setting at +0.2 dB or near it, a 2 kHz frequency setting at −0.2 dB or near it, and a 12 kHz frequency setting at +0.2 dB or near it."

I have no idea what a negative Q setting is, I assume it's another typo - not encouraging. We could plug those numbers into the parametric EQ in Roon to get this:

Notice it's a very subtle effect with low, broad Q, and a slight "smile" shape with bass and treble accentuation. Feel free to listen for yourself.

In the patent documentation, he also included some of those odd "health" measurements as illustrations. Wow, the things that get patented these days! This at least was more novel technically and represented something (whether useful or not has of course been debated).

It's fascinating how beliefs change over the decades within cultures and subcultures (of which audiophilia would be an example). A few years ago, the typical audiophile seemed to shun Class D amplifiers and espoused the idea of leaving the signal untouched, "pure". Here we are with Mark Levinson claiming his expensive, but plastic amplifiers are the "ultimate", he has the technology to "fix" PCM, yet under the hood, all we're seeing is likely just a kind of DSP interpolation filter (the nature of which I'm sure we can look at with an impulse response), running off Renesas SoC (less than US$20 chip) with integrated PWM controller, embedded subtle EQ'ing (likely stronger EQ'ing when paired with small speakers like the Eva), and OEM Class D amp modules, perhaps Hypex like that Daniel Hertz M9.

It would be fascinating to crack open the Maria 350 to look at what's inside for that €12,000 asking price!

[To be clear, of course there was never anything scary about DSP nor Class D even back in the days when audiophiles had all kinds of reservations. As they evolved, these were technologies destined for high-fidelity audio systems given the benefits they brought to the table - including lower prices supposedly!]

Beyond the Levinson interview(s), his asking price, and questionable health benefits, there are also the recent advertising videos. Getting the word out through YouTube reviewers like Steve Huff who parrots claims (like the remarkable "Mighty Cat chip") focusing almost exclusively on esthetics, delivered in a calm, relaxing fashion, with spa-music in the background, the spiritualism-turned-Shopping-Network vibe is probably consistent with Levinson's target lifestyle consumer with good amounts of disposable income. Maybe some of them even have faith in those health benefits being pushed:

Huff seemingly has no problems describing audio products in an ethereal fashion like how the system shines as "light from the dark", is "hauntingly musical", or "pure hifi magic" mixed in with the usual subjective audio talk about "treble extension" or "mid-range warmth", etc. There's repetition of the claim about 30Hz bass from the small ported 6" woofer Eva. Let's see the frequency response from the Maria amp and in-room from those speakers. Then, let's examine the distortion produced by those poor 6" mid/woofers when pushed to play 35Hz - I think Huff will find that there ain't no magic here! 

Alas, as good as the Daniel Hertz systems are to Huff, they seemingly weren't quite good enough for him to declare them "HiFi Speaker System of the Gods". 😵

Anyhow, I feel a little bit bad for the interviewer Jaap Veenstra in the first video at the top, enduring such an interview from supposedly an icon of audiophilia. Seriously, how can anyone with even a little knowledge about audio technology not see right through the vacuousness of those answers? I think a good interviewer with journalistic integrity would be responding with probing questions to see if there's depth to those claims - that's not what the vast majority of these interviewers in the audiophile media do. I believe this is a serious disservice and perpetuates the lack of substance in most audiophile publications whether in print or online. Without honest probing, interviews and reviews would be incapable of helping audiophile hobbyists separate out what is hype versus true advancement. IMO, this has been a problem for a long time unfortunately.

Until there's something demonstrated and potentially verified, there's nothing likely amazing here technology-wise from Daniel Hertz. And if there is... Well, less talk and just show us, Mr. Levinson.

Never mind the hype, but mind the snake oil, and the salesmen, dear audiophiles.

Back to Spring Break. 😎 Happy Easter, and I hope you're enjoying the music!

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Wait a sec! There's even more recent material that came to light...

Even more expensive than the Maria 350 is the Daniel Hertz Maria 800 (4-channels for biamping, 350Wpc 8Ω, 500Wpc 4Ω) advertised online at Audio Excellence listed at CAD$44,400 - about US$32,500, elsewhere MSRP €30,000 - more than twice the price of the Maria 350!

Here's a video created by the dealer showing off the Maria 800 and matching speakers system:

[Audio Excellence has other videos with "golden ear" listening impressions of the smaller Daniel Hertz Maria 350 + Eva speakers - here, here, here if you're curious.]

And the dealer's presentation at the Montréal Audiofest 2024 last week accentuated Mark Levinson's history in the audiophile world, the Mighty Cat, C Wave, etc.:

[Interesting that he's using some Madonna "Vogue" in QSound for the demo and talking about the contrast between Joni Mitchell's 1969 vs. 2000 versions of "Both Sides, Now" which makes for an engaging presentation - audio show presenters, take note!

BTW, QSound's impressive for '90s era immersive DSP.  If you have a chance though, have a listen to Madonna's Immaculate Collection remix including "Vogue" as multichannel/Atmos stream to a surround system for the 21st Century experience! And Joni Mitchell's Both Sides Now came out on DVD-A back in 2000 with its tastefully done 5.1 24/96 mix. This is a good track to test center channel integration as they planted her voice nicely in that center anchor position. This is the best that you're going to experience of her mature, smokey vocals.]

Notice the testimony of the audiophile attendees interspersed in the video (and this silly hype of the hype, presented in fancy slo-mo video!). Beyond the Chiara speakers which could be good I guess, what electronics were they listening to and apparently excited about? Well, there's this picture showing us the inside of the Maria 800:

On the digital mainboard (left), it looks like there's an XMOS USB controller bottom left that takes USB input and likely converts it to I2S for the D2Audio/Renesas. The larger D2Audio chip in the center would be that Renesas SoC running the "Mighty Cat" / C Wave processing. D2Audio was acquired by Intersil, then Renesas. The mainboard has the label "© 2016 Elegant Audio Solutions"  - so the Daniel Hertz company is based in Switzerland, proudly "Hand Made in Venice, Italy" in fairly large script lettering stamped on the acrylic enclosure to impress folks, and designed in Austin, TX?

As for the amplifier section (right), we can see that those two switching power supplies are Hypex SMPS600N400's. The 4 mono modules (right bottom) appear to be Hypex UcD400 OEM, not even the newer generation NCORE amps. While as end users we cannot buy these OEM modules easily, you can find them occasionally on eBay for less than US$150 each, and the Hypex power supply around US$200 each. Clearly this is not modern state-of-the-art Class D electronics. Rather, the board design, SoC, amplification and power supply components originate from the early 2000's into mid-2010's. The Maria 800 seems similar to the 2017 Daniel Hertz M11 amp in functionality with the same MSRP €30,000, but missing the line/record outs and S/PDIF coax out, stuck in the lightweight Perspex enclosure.

Since the Hypex UcD400 modules are rated 1% THD at 400W into 4Ω, the fact that they're calling this 500W implies the spec number is pushed to something like 10% distortion as suspected. I would not be surprised if the Maria 350 also uses the same Hypex modules, just a single power supply and half as many channels.

[Given the consistency we're seeing with these amplifiers (Maria, M9, M11) using the Renesas D2Audio chip and Hypex modules, I wonder how they're connecting the PWM output to the Hypex UcD which as far as I am aware only accepts analogue input. 

Unless there's an undocumented way, presumably there's a PWM-to-analogue converter in there? I'd have some concerns about the fidelity as this likely degrades performance. Definitely need measurements to check the fidelity of these amplifiers regardless of subjective claims by dealers/reviewers/audio show goers!]

If you're in the market for these products, of course go have a listen first and make sure to use the digital USB or S/PDIF inputs for best performance (avoid analogue input with extra ADC step). Who knows, maybe they are the most amazing sounding amps and speakers for your listening tastes...

I can certainly see the benefits of having a simple one-box DSP ± bi-amped digital crossover Class D integrated amplifier. Nonetheless, I believe some claims being made are simply false, the advertising hype is strong. While there's nothing wrong with the sound of Hypex UcD amps, I think Daniel Hertz (Mark Levinson) is asking a lot of money for this kind of technology in the mid-2020's!

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Addendum (April 19. 2024): I had a congenial discussion over E-mail with Mark Levinson. Below is a response from the company regarding the history and rationale behind C Wave. We agreed that in the future, if there is anything I can help regarding testing, he might want to contact me.

History of C Wave

From 1965 to 1978, Mark Levinson made hundreds of recordings on open reel analog tape recorders, and pioneered development of custom made microphone preamplifiers and analog tape recorder electronics for Studer A80’s. When digital recording was introduced, Mark tried to make digital copies of his analog tapes but was disappointed by the sonic degradation. 

Levinson tried to measure what was happening, but no audio test revealed the problem. Eventually, Mark tried physiological tests and was surprised to see consistent, repeatable results that identified the presence of PCM digital audio processing 100% of the time. This led to the development of the C Wave patent based on physiological tests. 

In 2001, Mark began collaborating with Sony for DSD recording. With a prototype DSD recording system supplied by Sony, Mark recorded the Live Recordings at Red Rose Music album that Sony used to launch DSD and SACD discs to the industry. Mark made dozens of presentations using this SACD to audiences of audio experts who were unanimously impressed. The Live Recordings at Red Rose Music SACD sounded and tested like pure analog. 

When Sony began commercial production of SACD’s, Mark listened to them and thought they sounded like CD’s. He tested them physiologically and they tested like CD’s, not like pure DSD. Mark called David Kawakami, the head of DSD for Sony who was also working in NY, and told him that Sony’s SACD’s were actually CD’s. David asked Mark how he could prove it, so Mark asked him to send him 35 SACD’s and he would test them. 

As both Sony and Red Rose Music were both on Madison Ave. in NY, David sent a box of 35 SACD’s to Mark hand carried by courier. Mark tested them and sent his report to David, saying that 33 were PCM mastered, and two were pure DSD (one by Levinson and one by Turtle). David checked the mastering records and confirmed to Mark that his tests were 100% correct, so the tests were valid. He said that Sony had no such tests. 

Using the prototype DSD recording system that Sony gave him, Mark tested recordings up to 32 bit 384kHz resolution, and found the same problem. In every case, the physiological problem was there with PCM but not with the pure DSD. 

Mark continued development of a way to make PCM digital audio more sonically transparent, with the goal of enabling him to make digital copies of his analog open reel recordings that sounded like the original analog tapes. Eventually, after many years of work, Mark developed C Wave. To get the best results, Mark asked 3 top mastering engineers to help him fine tune the algorithm. In the end, C Wave enabled Mark to make digital copies of his analog tapes that sounded and felt like the original analog tapes. 

A collaboration with Mark, Dr. Skip Taylor and Intersil, a U.S. semiconductor company, resulted in a high performance chip with the internal blocks to run the technology now called C Wave. The chip is called Mighty Cat. Mighty Cat processes all audio signals on the fly. Mighty Cat is the “brain” of the DH Maria 350 and Maria 800 amplifiers now on the market. 

Having spent decades of time and a vast amount of money developing C Wave, Mark decided to protect the IP and applied for a patent. As patents are not given for subjective reasons, Mark decided to apply based on objective physiological tests. This resulted in the C Wave patent, based on making digital audio better for human health.

Some people might be skeptical of the claim. However, the claim is based on repeatable, consistent and documented test results which are just as valid as audio tests such as frequency response, THD and signal to noise ratio. In addition to Levinson’s pilot test that is the basis of the patent, a doctor in Canada tested 50 people and got the same results, although he did not officially document them. DH plans to make a project to test a large number of people with strict protocols and published in a journal of medicine. 

Throughout history, those who refused to accept the validity of objective measurements eventually had to reverse their views. A glaring example (not to be compared with Mark’s work) is when, in an age when the earth was thought to be the center of the universe, Copernicus presented proof that the planets revolved around the sun. There were many who wanted to kill Copernicus because they felt threatened. 

The driving force behind C Wave is Levinson’s commitment to improving music reproduction. C Wave is not manipulation, it is restoration. C Wave is designed to put back what gets lost with PCM digital recording and playback. 

It’s obvious that a non-continuous waveform can’t contain the same amount of information as a continuous waveform. That’s why the industry is moving towards higher resolution in digital audio, like 24/192, to minimize the amount of lost information. DSD is a good format but it’s almost impossible to make the tools that engineers need and want in DSD format. That’s why almost all DSD recordings are PCM processed and then issued as DSD. 

The point of C Wave is not to criticize, it is to create an opportunity to make things better. The decision rests in the hands of public opinion. Those who have experienced C Wave processed audio have expressed enthusiasm and support, including private customers, journalists, influencers, audio dealers and distributors, musicians, and recording and mastering engineers. Mark’s goal is to make C Wave available and let people choose what they want. The Daniel Hertz Maria amplifier makes that option a reality. The fact that DH got the “Best Sound at Montreal 2024” award says something about the value of Daniel Hertz, C Wave, and Mark’s commitment to advancing music reproduction. 

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Technical terms

Studer A80 is a professional tape recorder made by the Studer in Switzerland.

PCM digital audio: Pulse Code Modulation digital audio is the normal digital audio format.

C Wave: the Daniel Hertz technology that improves the listening experience of digital audio.

DSD: Direct Stream Digital, a high performance digital audio format introduced by Sony in 2001.

SACD: Super Audio Compact Disc, a disc the size of a CD but made with DSD.